Marshall occurs as city in the U.S. state of Texas, located near the Louisiana and Arkansas borders in the Ark-La-Tex region. When of the 2000 U.S. Census, Marshall had a total population of 23,935. These are a county seat of Harrison County.

Marshall occurs as major ethnic & training center inside Northeast Texas. A city is known for its Civil War, railroad, and civil rights movement history, for holding one of the largest light festivals in the United States, the Wonderland of Lights, and, as the self-proclaimed Pottery Capital of the World, for its sizable pottery industry. These are when well known multifariously as a Cultural Capital of East Texas, the Gateway of Texas, a Athens of Texas, and a City of Seven Flags.

History
Independent article: History of Marshall, Texas 19th Century
The Republic of Texas and the Civil War

A city was founded inside 1841 as the seat of Harrison County, fallowing recurrent failing tries to establish the county courthouse on the Sabine River since the county was established within 1839. A Republic of Texas decided to choose a places of land granted by Peter Whetstone and Isaac Van Zandt after Whetstone got proven that a craggy location had a good water supply source. the city quickly became a major city in the state because of its positiin as a gateway to Texas on many major stage coach lines. A city's growing importance was confirmed after Marshall was linked by the telegraph line to New Orleans, becoming the number 1 city within Texas to have a telegraphy service.

By 1860 the city was the quaternary big city within Texas and the seat of the richest county. A county experienced further slaves than any other in the state, making it the hotbed of anti-Union sentiment. Whenever Gov. Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Marshall's Edward Clark wwhen sworn in as governor. Marshall would likewise make Texas' third Confederate governor, Pendleton Murrah. Marshall became a major Confederate city, becoming the capital of Missouri's Confederate government-in-exile, producing gunpowder and other the diapers for the Confederate Army, and hosting trey conferences of Trans-Mississippi and Indian Territory leaders.

Marshall became a seat of civil authority & headquarters of a Trans-Mississippi Postal Department fallowing the fall of Vicksburg. the city could use at times been a arranged target of a failing Union advance that was rebuffed at Mansfield, Louisiana. Towards a prevent of the Civil War Richmond had $9 million around Treasury notes & $3 million in postage stamps shipped to Marshall, possibly meaning that Marshall was the arranged destination of a government preparing to flee from either forward armies.

Reconstruction and the Railroad Era

Marshall was occupied by Uniin forces on June 17, 1865. When you took Reconstruction a city was at home to an professional of the Freedmen's Bureau and was the base for Union troops. Within 1873 The Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wiley College to educate free men. African-Americans come to the city looking for chance & protection until 1878, when a Citizens Person, led by previous Confederate General Walter P. Lane and his brother George, took control of the city and county governments and ran Unionists, Republicans and many African-Americans out of town. A Lanes in the end declared Marshall & Harrison County "redeemed" from either Union & African-Our contries control. Despite this a African-Western community would prove my point to progress by having a establishment of Bishop College inside 1881 and the certification of Wiley per Freedman's Aid Society in 1882.

Marshall's "Railroad Era" began in the early 1870s. Harrison County citizens voted to offer $300,000 attach subsidy, & a City of Marshall offered to donate land n of the business district to the Texas and Pacific Railway if the company would move to Marshall. T&P President Jay Gould accepted and located the T&P's workshops and general offices for Texas in Marshall. the city benefited immediately from either a people explosion. By 1880 the city was one of the South's largest cotton markets. A city's fresh prosperity became apparent whilst a number one department store in Texas, J. Weisman & Co., open inside 1878. Prosperity brought retired elements which led to occasionally nationally known crimes existence tried in a city including a lawsuits field-grade officer the execution of Diamond Bessie and attempted murder of Maurice Barrymore. When you took this period of wealth numerous of the city's okay, historic homes were constructed. A city's virtually all large industry, pottery manufacturing, began using a establishment of Marshall Pottery in 1895.

Despite the prosperity of the railroad era, impoverishment continued to become a condition in the city among everthing races, however tensions between whites and African-Americans continued to worsen as segregation crystallized in the city. A rural areas of Harrison County saw greater interaction between white people & African-Americans. There, whites & blacks existence neighbors was commonplace. Potentially though a areas surrounding Marshall were somewhat integrated, racism certainly was still apparent inside everyday life. A fact that many plantation owners divided up sizable tracts of l& and gave the babies to their previous slaves might as well develop contributed to these tensions.

20th Century

When you took a late Nineteenth & early Twentieth centuries kids of two races were raised to assume a status quo of racial segregation. African-Our contries Marshall resident George Dawson later wrote about his childhood lives using segregation around his book Life Is And then Skillful. He described how else, despite African-U.s. toddlers's acceptance of segregation, inside occasionally cases its demands were as well outrageous to watch. E.g., Dawson described how else he got refused a require of 1 employer world health organization required him to eat by owning her dogs.

Inside 1949, Marshall banned the pic Pinky from the city because it portrayed an interracial couple, a violation of the city's censorship code. A city was sued & a example went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overturned the city's censorship law.

3 graduates of Wiley College, inspired per teachings of Wiley professor Melvin B. Tolson, helped to dismantle Jim Crow at the county, state, and national levels. Fred Lewis, when a secretary of the Harrison County NAACP, challenged the oldest White Citizens Party in a Texas and the Jim Crow laws it enforced, at long last abolishing Jim Crow in the county by owning the Perry v. Cyphers verdict. Heman Sweatt tried to enroll in the University of Texas Law school, but was denied entry because of a color of his skin; he sued & the Texas Supreme Court ordered the integration of graduate studies around Texas in the Sweatt v. Painter decision. James L. Farmer, Jr. became an organizer of the Freedom Rides and a founder of the Congress of Racial Equality.

A progression of civil rights would continue into a 1960s, 70s and 80s. In the 1960s, students organized the number 1 sit-ins in Texas in the rotunda of the county courthouse withwithin Whetstone Square in the move to prevent segregation of public schools; in 1970, all Marshall public schools were integrated. Besides in this month, Carolyn Abney became a 1st woman to exist as elected to the city commission. Within April 1975 local businessman Sam Birmingham became a number 1 African-Our contries to exist as elected to the city commission &, in the 80s, Marshall's number one African-Western city manager. Birmingham retired within 1989 for health concerns, and was succeeded by his married woman, Jean Birmingham, world health organization became a number 1 African-Western woman to serve on the commission.

When you took a number one half of a 20th century, a Texas & Pacific Railway had its height under the leadership of John L. Lancaster. Marshall's industry picked higher by using a discovery of what was so a big oil field in the globe at nearby Kilgore in 1930. Marshall's railroad industry after declined using a dieselization of virtually all trains, a proliferation of air travel, & a construction of the Interstate highway system after World War II. A T&P Shops closed in the 1960s and T&P passenger service ceased in 1970. A Texas oil bust of a Eighties devastated a local economy & the city's people declined by all about the gr& between 1980 and 1990.

Law and government

Independent article: Politics of Marshall, Texas

the City of Marshall has a Council-manager form of municipal government, with 100% governmental powers resting inside the legislative body called a Commission. A Commission lives entirely city laws and ordinances, adopts budgets, determines city policy, and appoints city officials, including a City Manager. the city manager, like than a mayor, serves as a executive of a city government & so is around charge of enforcing city laws & administering the city's various departments.

The City Commission
A City Commission has sevener members, from each one elected to serve one-member territory. Territory One–quatern divide a city into four territorial dominion, & a territory Five–7 divide a city into trine territory that overlay Territorial dominion One–Four, and so both location around the city lessens in 2 dominion, a single from either each placed. From each one Commissioner is elected to a both-biennial term. Territory One–Four hang on to elections inside odd-numbered years & territorial dominion Five–7 around possibly years; elections come held in the spring. When both election, a City Commission selects the commissioner to serve when President of the Commission, generically known as a City manager, until fallowing the next month's election. Whenever there are no the single files to start against a commissioner, when happened by having District One around 2005, the commissioner is reinstated & an election for that dominion is non held that month. the City Commission meets twice a year on the 2nd & 4th Thursdays, in addition to any favorite sessions that come known as or even regular meetings that come canceled. a Commission will bring a public forum prior to to each one regular session, providing citizens a chance to location the commission for 2 microscopic forswearing forward notice, by using notice extra instance can be scheduled. A Commissiin meetings come broadcast on radio and a a local public access television station.

Commission Members
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! Territory !! 2004 Commission !! 1999 Commission |- | Territory 1 | Katie Jones | Jean Birmingham |- | Territory 2 | Alonza Williams | Alonza Williams |- | Territorial dominion 3 | Ed Carlile | Chris Horsely |- | Dominion 4 | Jack Hester | Audrey Kariel (City manager) |- | Territorial dominion 5 | John Wilborn | John Wilborn |- | Territorial dominion 6 | Bryan Partee | Chris Smith |- | Dominion 7 | Ed Smith (City manager) | Martha Robb |}

City Administration
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! Dominion !! Mayor !! Asst. City Manager |- | 2004 | Frank Johnson | Janet Cook |- | 1999 | Tony Williams | Frank Johnson |}

Geography
Marshall is placed at 32°32'34" North, 94°21'49" West (32.542897, -94.363727)or even about 150 miles east of Dallas, Texas and 40 miles west of Shreveport, Louisiana. A intersection of US 80 and US 59 and the intersection of US 59 and Interstate 20 are located within the city limits of Marshall.

Based on data from a United States Census Bureau, the city has the amount metropolitan area of 76.Octonary km² (29.6 sq . mi.). 76.Six kilometre² (Xxix.Six sq. mi.) of these are l& and Zero.Ii klick² (Nought.One sq. mi.) of these are a lake. A aggregate front yard is Nought.27% water supply.

City layout

the city is bisected along a northerly-south axis by East Prevent Blvd. (US 59). A eastern half of the city is bisected along an east-west axis by US 80 which east of its intersection with US 59 is called Victory Drive and west of US 59 is named Grand Ave. A Harrison County Airport & Airport Baseball Park come placed in the south of Triumph Dr. murder of Warren Dr. To the west of The states 59, south of Pinecrest Dr. come older suburbs; north of Pinecrest Dr. a oldest part of the city stretches northbound assibilate sevener hills. This part of the city radiates retired from either business district which is centered on the Old Harrison County Courthouse inside Peter Whetstone Square. Immediately northward of the square is the Ginocchio National Historic District where the city's Amtrak Terminal is located. This region of the city is bisected along an east-west by Grand Ave. (US 80). Spreading retired from either business district occurs as belt of Antebellum and Victorian homes centered on Zwieback & Houston Streets.

To the west of business district come occasionally of the oldest African-American neighborhoods in Texas, centered around Wiley College. In the north of Grand Ave. (Usa Lxxx) come neighborhoods that were built largely by employees of the Texas and Pacific Railway. Additionally to the Ginocchio National Historic District, this a portion of the city is page to East Texas Baptist University & three historic burial site: Marshall Cemetery, Powder Mill Cemetery, and Greenwood, which is divided into Christian and Jewish sections.

Education
Watch independent article: Education in Marshall, Texas Education within the city in secondary & primary education is nigh totally conducted per Marshall Independent School District, by using across 6,000 students at xii campuses. The personal institution, Trinity Episcopal School, too lives & a select few parents purchase to homeschool.

There are above 1,000 university student within Marshall at East Texas Baptist University and Wiley College, Texas State Technical College-Marshall and Panola College-Marshall.

Economy

Understand independent article: Economy of Marshall, Texas

Marshall's economy is diversified & includes services like Insurance claims processing at Blue Cross & Blue Shield, education at several institutes of higher learning, manufacturing such as wood kitchen cabinets at Republic Industries and pottery at several manufacturers. Black & Decker maintains a small presence in the Marshall Business Park. Tourism is also an important industry by using astir of these million tourer camping a city both month.

Marshall has the local sales revenue enhancement of Ii.0%. A Marshall Economic Development Corporation or even MEDCO lobbies corporations to research inside Marshall & offers incentives to businesses that wash. A Greater Marshall Chamber of Commerce is a interests of local businesses to local, state, & statesman.

Demographics
When of the censusof 2000, there are 23,935 people, 8,730 menage, & 6,032 families living in the city. A population density is 312.5/km² (809.5/mi²). There are 9,923 housing units at an typical density of 129.6/km² (335.6/mi²). A racial makeup of the city is 54.66% White, 38.59% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.55% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 4.83% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Octad.64% of the people are Hispanic or Latino of any race. A Asian people is mostly Indians from Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, or Maharashtra and Chinese from Hong Kong and Fuzhou.

There are 8,730 family away from which 32.2% use babies under a age of Xviii accept the two, 46.4% come married couples living together, 19.0% have a female homeowner by having there is no married man present, & Xxx.9% come non-families. Xxviii.0% of everthing family come mass produced higher of souls & Xiv.0% keep around mortal residing alone world health organization is 65 years aged or even older. A typical home size is Deuce.55 & a typical personal size is Troika.Twelve.

In a city the people is spread retired by having Twenty-six.1% under a age of Xviii, Thirteen.4% from either 18 to Two dozen, Twenty-four.6% from either 25 to 44, Xx.3% from either 45 to 64, & Fifteen.5% world health organization come 65 years aged or even older. A median age is 34 years. For each Hundred females there are 87.Niner males. For each Hundred females age Xviii & all over, there are 82.Deuce males.

the median income for a house in the city is $30,335, & the median income for a personal is $37,438. Males have a median income of $30,146 versus $21,027 for females. A per capita income for the city is $15,491. Twenty-two.8% of the people & Seventeen.8% of families come following a poverty line. Away from a amount people, 32.5% of people under a age of 18 & 15.1% of victims 65 & older come residing beneath a poverty level.

Sites of interest

Arnot Home, 306 W. Houston St Number 1 Methodist Church, 300 E. Houston St., constructed prior to a Civil War Fry-Barry Home, 314 W. Austin Ginocchio National Historic District Allen House, 61North. Wa St The Ginocchio, N. Wash. St at Ginocchio St, houses a Harrison County Historical Museum T&P Depot, N. Inl& northwest St at Ginocchio St, historic depot and train museum Whaley House, 609 N Inland northwest Ave, landmark Victorian residence, today called a 3 Oaks Bed & Breakfast Hagerty Home, 505 E. Rusk St Hochwald Home, 211 W. Grand Ave. Hotel Marshall, 210 W. Houston John R. Stinson Home, 313 W. Austin St James Turner Home, 406 Wash. Ave Magnolia Hall, 303 North Columbus St, historic page, okay, coffee house Old President pierce Home, 303 North. Columbus St Sam B. Hall Federal Courthouse, S. Wa at Whetstone Square Starr Family Home State Historic Site, 407 W. Travis St, centerpiece of Starr Personal State Historic Site Marshall Hall, 1209 North. Grove St, historic administration building of ETBU Michelson Museum of Art, 216 N. Bolivar Street Old Harrison County Courthouse, Whetstone Square, historic courthouse; location of first sit-ins inside Texas Weisman Center, 211 N. Wash. St, 1st emporium around Texas Weisman-Hirsch Home, 313 S. Inland northwest St Wiley Bell Tower, Wiley College Campus

Notable natives, citizens, and associated people

John Burke — lawyer, soldier, and spy Edward Clark — Texas Governor George Dawson — author Mathew Ector — jusist and legislator James L. Farmer, Jr. — organized freedom rides James L. Farmer, Sr. — first Black Texan to hold a doctorate George Foreman — athlete and entrepreneur Sam B. Hall, Jr. — former congressman and federal jurist James Pinckney Henderson — first governor of Texas Susan Howard — actress, writer, activist Lady Bird Johnson — First Lady and environmental activist Walter P. Lane — Confederate General Robert W. Loughery — journalist, publisher, and diplomat Ashley C. McKinley — aviator; member Byrd Expedition to Antarctica Bill Moyers — journalist and government official Leo Michelson — painter and sculptor John T. Mills — Supreme Court Justice of the Republic of Texas Pendleton Murrah — Texas Governor Lucy Holcombe Pickens — 19th Century Southern socialite William Henry Pope — politician, self-described "Jim Crow Senator" Horace Randal — Confederate brigadier general Henry Roquemore — 20th century actor Wendy Russell Reves — fashion model, philanthropist Max Sandlin — former congressman & Home Minority Whip I. B. Scott — Methodist Episcopal clericlder, newspaper editor, and educator Terrance Shaw — NFL cornerback James Harper Starr — politician Y.A. Tittle — American Football Hall of Famer Melvin B. Tolson — author, poet, and politician Isaac Van Zandt — statesman of both Republic & State of Texas Peter Whetstone — Moderator Leader and City Father Louis T. Wigfall — U.S., and later Confederate, Senator Kendrick Starling— NFL wide receiver

Miscellaneous trivia
Notable information non mentioned in the article text.

a city of Marshall actually celebrates the festival honoring the fire ant. Bill Moyers won an Emmy for his documentary Marshall, Texas: Marshall, Texas chronicling the history of race relations in the city. Marshall was one of 10 cities intended an All American City in 1976 by the National Civic League. Marshall became the sister city with Taipei, Taiwan on November 29, 1978. Two City manager Lee Teng-Hui (Taipei) and City manager William O. Burns (Marshall) were present at a sign language ceremony. The civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., Jesse Jackson, and James L. Farmer, Jr. all attended a Marshall college at some point in their education; King and Jackson attended Bishop College while Farmer went to Wiley College Lady Bird Johnson was the foremost student at Marshall High School to have a car. Marshall was a number 1 city inside Texas to use at times electricity: a single electric-light bulb at a Texas & Pacific Depot. a city lies in the Eastern Interconnection rather than the Texas Interconnection making it part of single 15% of the state to lie outside of that power grid. That Marshall is nigher to the upper case of Arkansas (Little Rock 190 miles or 305 klick), Louisiana (Baton Rouge, 239 miles or 384 kilometre), & Mississippi (Jackson 243 miles or 390 klick) than these are to the capital of Texas (Austin, 253 miles or 407 klick).